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Paul Fleming, also spelt Flemming (October 5, 1609 – April 2, 1640), was a German physician and poet. As well as writing notable verse and hymns, he spent several years accompanying the Duke of Holstein's embassies to Russia and Persia. He also lived for a year at Reval on the coast of Estonia, where he wrote many love-songs. ==Life== Born at Hartenstein, in Vogtland, Saxony, the son of Abraham Fleming, a well-to-do Lutheran pastor, Fleming received his early education from his father before attending a school at Mittweida and then the famous ' at Leipzig. He received his initial medical training at the University of Leipzig, where he also studied literature and graduated as a Doctor of Philosophy before gaining his medical doctorate at the University of Hamburg.〔John Wesley Thomas, ''German verse from the 12th to the 20th century in English translation'' (AMS Press, 1966), p. 25〕〔Friedrich Max Müller, ''Early German classics from the fourth to fifteenth century'', vol. 2 (1858), p. 490: ''Geboren 1609 zu Hartenstein im Voigtlande; besuchte die Schule zu Meissen, und studirte Medicin in Leipzig. Der Dreissigjährige Krieg trieb ihn nach Holstein, wo er sich der Gesandtschaft anschloss...''〕 The Thirty Years' War drove Fleming to Holstein,〔 where in 1633 Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, engaged him as physician, courtier and steward. Towards the end of 1633 the Duke sent Fleming with Adam Olearius as a member of an embassy to Russia and the Persian Empire headed by Otto Brüggemann and Philipp Kruse. Fleming was outside Germany for almost six years, much of them in the two foreign empires.〔Gabriella Szögedi, '(Versuch eines autonomen Verhaltens im Poetischen. Paul Flemings deutsche Liebesgedichte im Diskurs der ''constantia'' ) at inst.at, accessed 10 January 2012: "Fleming... spent six years of his short life on a diplomatic mission from Holstein to Russia and Persia" (translated from the German)〕 Travelling into Russia, Fleming was in an advance party of the embassy which went to Novgorod, where he remained while negotiations went on with the Swedes and the Russians. At the end of July 1634 the ambassadors joined the party, and the embassy proceeded to Moscow, arriving on 14 August. After four months in the capital city, the Holstein embassy departed again for the Baltic on Christmas Eve, 1634, and on 10 January arrived at Reval (now Tallinn) in Swedish Estonia. While the ambassadors continued to Gottorp some of the party, including Fleming, remained in Reval.〔Sperberg-McQueen (1990) p. 81〕 In the event, Fleming was there for about a year, during which he organized a poetry circle called "the Shepherds".〔Elena Rannu, ''The living past of Tallinn'' (1993), p. 106: "It happened that the German poet Paul Fleming (1609–1640), a doctor by profession, was one of that Holstein Embassy too. Like his comrades, he spent about a year in the town... He organized a poetry group which was called "Shepherds"... Some of Paul Fleming's sonnets were connected directly with Tallinn, others with the places along which the embassy travelled..."〕 Not long after his arrival in Reval, Fleming began his courtship of Elsabe Niehus, the daughter of Heinrich Niehus, a merchant originally from Hamburg.〔Karen Brand, ''Diversität der deutschen Liebeslyrik von Paul Fleming'' (2010), p. 4: "Vermutlich im März 1635 begann die Liebesbeziehung zu Elsabe Niehus..."〕 He wrote love poems for her, and they became engaged to be married. In 1636 the embassy proceeded to Persia, by way of a further visit to Moscow, and Elsabe was left behind.〔Hans Dieter Betz, ''Religion past and present'' (2008), p. 140〕 Fleming's ''Epistolae ex Persia'' were four letters in verse written during his time in Persia, between 1636 and 1638.〔Marian R. Sperberg-McQueen, ''The German poetry of Paul Fleming: studies in genre and history'' (1990), p. 133〕 The embassy was at Isfahan in 1637. On returning to Reval, Fleming found that Elsabe had married another man and became engaged to her sister, Anna Niehus.〔 In 1639 Fleming resumed his medical studies at the University of Leiden, and in 1640 was awarded a doctorate.〔 He settled in Hamburg, but he died on 2 April 1640. As a lyricist he stands in the front rank of German poets.〔 With his contemporaries Martin Opitz (1597–1639), Andreas Gryphius (1616–1664), Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau (1616–1679) and the rather later Daniel Casper von Lohenstein (1635–1683), Fleming is one of the writers now called "the Silesian poets" or "the Silesian school".〔 Fleming's well-known poems include ' (On the Death of a Child) and ''Madrigal''.〔''A German treasury'' (University of Salzburg, 1995), pp. 90–91〕 A number of his sonnets are about the places he visited in his travels.〔 The only collections published in his lifetime were ''Rubella seu Suaviorum Liber'' (1631) and ''Klagegedichte über das unschuldigste Leiden und Tod unsers Erlösers Jesu Christi'' (Laments concerning the most innocent Suffering and Death of our Saviour Jesus Christ), printed early in 1632, the second of which begins with an invocation of Melpomene, the Muse of tragedy.〔Sperberg-McQueen (1990) p. 46〕 His ' (Poems in German), published posthumously in 1642, was later renamed ' (Spiritual and Secular Poems) and contains many notable love-songs. Fleming wrote in Latin as well as in German, and his Latin poems were published in a single volume in 1863, edited by Johann Martin Lappenberg.〔J. M. Lappenberg, ed., ''Paul Flemings Lateinische Gedichte'' (Stuttgart, 1863)〕 Fleming wrote the hymn in nine stanzas "" (In all that I do) on the melody of "" by Heinrich Isaac, which is contained in several hymnals. Johann Sebastian Bach used the final stanza to close both cantatas ' (BWV 13) and ''Sie werden euch in den Bann tun'' (BWV 44). The complete hymn is the base for Bach's chorale cantata ' (BWV 97).〔〔Richard Stokes, ed., ''J. S. Bach: the Complete Cantatas'', (p. viii )〕 Already in the 17th century another composer, David Pohle (1624–1695), had set twelve of Fleming's love-songs to music.〔Friedrich Blume, Ludwig Finscher, ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik'' (1996), p. 304: "David Pohle, 12 Liebesgesänge von Paul Fleming für 2 St."〕 Fleming has been called a man of "real poetic genius",〔M. F. Reid, ''A handy manual of German literature'' (1879), p. 80〕 "the only good poet in Germany during the Thirty Years' War",〔Edward Lowbury, ''(Poetry )'' (Oxford Reference Online accessed 10 January 2012, subscription required), orig. in Stephen Lock, John M. Last, and George Dunea, eds., ''The Oxford Companion to Medicine'' (Oxford University Press, 2001)〕 "possibly the greatest German lyric poet of the seventeenth century"〔 and "the German Herrick".〔Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, ''The political, social, and literary history of Germany'' (1881), p. 242: "Paul Fleming of Silesia (1609–1640), the "German Herrick," stands; the head of all the lyric poets of the seventeenth century."〕 Günter Grass has called him "one of the major figures in German seventeenth-century literature".〔Günter Grass, ''The meeting at Telgte'' (1990), p. 139〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paul Fleming (poet)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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